Ṭawng lo chhuah dan 'Theory'

Ṭawng lo chhuah dan 'Theory' hrang hrang sawi la, ni awma i hriat dan sawi rawh.

Course name : Mizo Language : History, Structure & Development

Kamkeuna

Khawvel awm tirh aṭanga tun thleng kan chhui chhoh zel a, thil pawimawh berte zinga pakhat nia lang chu 'Ṭawng' hi a ni mai awm e. Ṭawng pawimawhzia Ralluaii Chhangte-in a sawi dan hi lo en ila, “Hnam min phuar khawmtu ber chu ṭawng hi a ni a” (Mizo Ṭawng Chikna, 1). Engvang nge a pawimawh kan tih chuan, ṭawng hian thil a tithei em em a. Ṭawng tel lo chuan kawng hi a ping vek tih theih tur hialin a pawimawh tih chu a hretu vek kan ni awm e. Mihring - mi lian leh mi tê, hausa leh rethei, mi ngo leh mi dum, naupang leh puitling, hnam hrang hrangtena kan mamawh em em chu 'Ṭawng' hi a ni.

Thil engkim mai hi Ṭawng tel lo chuan a famkim lo kan ti thei hial ang. A chhan chu, hna kan thawhnaah te, lehkha kan zirnaahte leh kan ni tin nun hman apiangahte hian Ṭawng tel lo chuan engkim mai hi a harsa a, awmzia a nei thei lo va; thil a hlawhtling thei lo ṭhin. Chuvang chuan 'Ṭawng' hi a hluin a pawimawh a, a tel lova kan nun theih loh avangin kan mamawh takzet a ni.

Ṭawng chu eng nge?

'Ṭawng' kan tih hian kâa sawi chhuah kher nge ni ang? Lei leh kâ hmanga sawi chhuah theih chauh hi 'Ṭawng' kan ti dawn a nih dawn chuan a fel ber lo mai thei a ni. Ṭawng kan han tih hian chi hrang hrang a awm thei ang a, chungte chuan kâ aṭanga ri chhuak kher emaw, sawi chhuah kher lam hi  kawk ber lo tih a hriat theih dawn a ni. “... ṭawng hi chi tam takin a thliar theih a, chu'ngte chu zaizira inbiakna te, entirna leh chhinchhiahna hmanga inbiakna te, mitmei leh hmel lan dana inbiakna te, awkâa inbiaknate an ni a” (Dr. Lalthangliana Phillips, 9). Tin, Plato (428-348) pawhin mihring ṭawng awmzia hetiang hian a hrilhfiah a, “thumal leh ngaihtuahna inzawmna,” (qtd. in Ray Jackendoff, 3) a ti a ni. Heng kan sawi takte aṭang hian ṭawng nihna leh chi hrang hrang awm theite chu a hriat theih a ni. 

'Zaizira inbiakna' hi kan hre lar hle a, Bengngawng leh ṭawng thei lote tan a ṭangkai bik a ni. Anni chuan ri an hriat loh avang leh an kâ an hman theih loh avangin an kut emaw, an hmel hmai lan dan emaw, an chet dan aṭangtein an thil inhriattir duh leh an sawi duhte chu an inhrilh zung zung thei a; hetiang hmanga an inbiak theih miau chuan ṭawngah kan pawmsak mai dawn lo'm ni? Hnam dang, 'vai' kan tihhote hi chu bang phènah an inbe thei lo tluk a ni an ti ṭhin a. A chhan ni theia lang chu anni chuan an thu sawi tifiah turin zaizir hi an uar lehzual a, chutiang zel chuan zaizir hi thil sawina atana ṭangkai tak pakhat chu a ni ngei ang.

Entirna leh chhinchhiahna hmanga inbiakna pawh hi ṭawng zinga pawimawh leh ṭangkai tak chu a ni. Mi dang kan bula awmte emaw hnenah thil kan hrilh duhte chu thutluang hmanga sawi fel mai chi a nih loh emaw, a remchan loh viau chuan entirna te, chhinchhiahna hmangtein inhrilh remchang tak a ni thei a. Chu chu mi dang hriatthiam theih tura thu sawi nan a ṭangkai em em a ni. Ṭawng puitu, awkâ hmanga ṭawng theihna tura puitu ṭha tak a ni bawk.

Kawng dang lehah chuan, mitmei leh hmel lan dana inbiakna pawh hi Ṭawng chi khat chu a ni ve reng reng a. Tun hma Mizo pi leh pute hun lai khan, tlangvalten nula an rim ṭhin a. Chutia an rim chuan nula inah chuan tlangval tam tak an leng khawm ṭhin a. A chang phei chuan chi peng hrang hrangte pawh an ni ṭhin, chung zingah chuan nula chuan duh rûk deuh mai a neih chuan a mitmei hmangin a duh vena chu a lo lantir ṭhin a. Tlangval chuan nula mitmei chu an hmuhin rilru thlamuang takin a awm ṭhin. He thu kan tar lan theihna chhan chu, 'mitmei ringawt hmang pawhin thu tam tak a sawi theih' tih hi a ni. Tun thleng pawh hian chutiang chu a la ni reng mai, mitmei hmangin thil kan inhrilh zeuh zeuh a; sapṭawnga 'signal' kan tih mai ṭhin hi a ni a. Chumi hmang chuan kan ṭawng thei ti ila a ṭha mai awm e.

Mihring tan bika inbiakna tlanglawn ber nia lang 'Ṭawngkaa inbiakna' pawh hi kan hman uar ber leh Ṭawng hrilhfiahtu ṭha ber ti ila kan sawi sual tam awm lo ve. Kan duh zawng te, kan mamawh leh thil pawimawhte chu awkâ hmangin awlsam takin kan inhrilh zung zung ṭhin a. Chu chu mihring kan nihna tak pakhat pawh a ni tih kan hre ṭheuh awm e. A zàwi emaw, a ring emaw pawh ni se awkâ hmanga inbiakna hi ṭawng hrilhfiahna tlanglawn leh ṭawng nihna kengtu pawimawh ber a ni hial mai awm e.

Mihringin ṭawng kan neih bik hi a ropuizia leh a danglamzia pawh sawi a hlawh ṭhin hle. Mihring ṭawng aia ropui leh thil ti thei tur hi khawvel ṭawng dangah hian a awm lo hial ang tih theih a ni. 

    Mihring inbiakna ṭawng aia ropui zawk hi leilung ken inbiaknaah hian a awm reng reng lo. Chu ngei chu hmasawnna danglam tak pawh a ni a. Mihring ṭawng hmang chuan thu chi hrang hrang leh ngaihtuahna hrang hrang a sawi chhuah theih a, chu chuan tawp chin pawh a nei lo. Chung a sawi theihho (khaw awm dan tur te, indona te, hun kal tawh te, hun lo awm tur te, inrelna te, thawnthu te...) (Ray Jackendoff, 1)

 

Ṭawng ṭobul leh a lo chhuah dan (Theory)

Ṭawng (Language) lo chhuah dan hi chiang tak leh a ni bera sawi tur hi a váng hle mai a. Lungpuka awm hun lai / lung hriam hman hun lai (Old Stone Age)-ah khan ṭawngkâin an inbe mumal nge mumal lo tih chu hriat phak a ni chiah lo va; amaherawhchu, inbiak nan chuan eng eng emaw an hmang ngei ang a, zaizir emaw, hmel hmai lan dan hmangin an inbia pawh ti ila kan sawi sual a rinawm loh. Eng pawh chu ni se ṭawng chu thil che reng a ni a, a danglam chak hle tih pawh kan hre ṭheuh bawk ang a. Chutianga a damlam leh a chet nasat avang chuan ṭawng lo pian hun tak hi chhui harsa tak a ni 

Ṭawng lo chhuah dan (Theory) sawi nan chuan MILLTA lehkhabu siam 'Mizo Ṭawng zirzauna bu thar' bawk hi lo rawn leh ta ila. He lehkhabuah hian ṭawng lo chhuah dan ṭobul chu kawng li (4)-in tar lan a ni a. Chu'ngte chu —

(i) Pathian pek.

(ii) Thil ri dang aṭanga siam chhuah.

(iii) Awkâ leh chetze ṭangkawp aṭang lo chhuak.

(iv) Pian ken. 

Heng a chunga kan tar lante hian ṭawng ṭobul ni theia langte chu a sawi chiang thawkhat hle a. Tlema zau zawkin han sawi zau dawn teh ang.

(i) Pathian pek : 

A thupuia kan hmuh ang hian 'Ṭawng' lo awm ṭan dan chu Pathian (God) aṭanga lo chhuak tih hian a fun kim hle ang. Kristiante rin danah pawh Pathian chuan lei leh van a siam a, a chhunga cheng turin mihring a siam leh a. A mihring siamte chu inbe thei turin 'Ṭawng' a pe tih hi a ni a. Tin, Mizo Bible-ah pawh hetiang hian kan hmu a, “Atirin Thu a awm, Thu chu Pathian hnenah a awm, Thu chu Pathian a ni. Chumi chu atirin Pathin hnenah a awm” (Johana 1:1,2). Chuti a nih chuan Pathian chuan a mihring siamte chhungah nunna thaw a thawk luh khan ṭawng theihna nen a thaw lut a, ngaihtuahna fim, ngaihtuahna fing tak, rilru leh thlarau a pe a; chumi hmang chuan mihring chuan a duh zawngte sawi theihna a lo nei ta a. Engkim mai sawi theihna a lo nei ta a ni. “Hindu-ho rin dan chuan lei leh van (universe) siamtu Pathian pakhat a aw a. Chu mi chuan nupui a nei a, a hming chu Sarasvati a ni a. Chu mi chuan ṭawng hi a siam chhuak a ni n ti ve thung a ni” (Phillips, 11). Heta tar lan ang hian ṭawng chu Pathian hnen aṭanga lo awm tih rinna lian tak a awm a ni.

Pharaoh Psammetichus (664-610 BPE) chuan enchhinna hmasa ber a neihah chuan hetiang hian a ti a. Naupang piang thar pahnih hi beram rual zingah a dah a, chu chu Berampu ṭawng thei lo a ventir bawk a. Hun a kal zel a, a hnu kum hnih hnuah an han la kir a, an ṭahhla chuan “bekos” tih an rawn sawi chhuak a, chu chu Phrygian ṭawng chuan “chhang” (bread) tihna a lo ni a. (Ray Jackendoff 5)

Mahse, hei hian Beramte chu an lo ṭawng ve nge, Pathianin a pek zawk tih hriat a ni lo va. Rinthuah chuan, Pathianin chu'ng naute pahnih hnenah chuan ṭawng chi khat a lo duang a ni awm mang e tih theih a ni. Heng a chunga kan sawi tak zawng zawng aṭangte hian 'Ṭawng' chu atirin Pathian pek a ni tih hi a pawm nahawm ber awm e.

King James IV of Scotland (1473 -1513) pawhin Psammetichus ang deuh khan enchhinna pakhat a siam leh a. Thliarkar pakhatah naute pahnih hi ṭawng thei lo nu pakhat a ventir a, a enkawltir bawk a. A hnu deuhah chuan chu'ng naute pahnihte chuan Hebrai ṭawngin an ṭawng ta mai tih an hmu chhuak a ni. “Heta ṭang hian ṭawng hi pian ken nge, inzirtir thiam ni ang? (Is language innate or learned?)” (10) tiin zawhna an siam hial a nih kha. Chutiang a nih takah chuan Ṭawng chu Pathianin mihringte an pek liau liau a nih ngei a rinawm hle a ni.

(ii) Thil ri dang aṭanga siam chhuah

Ṭawng lo chhuahna chi khat awm leh chu 'Thil ri hrang hrang aṭanga piang leh siam chhuah' hi a ni. Keini Mizote bikah phei chuan kan chhawr ṭangkai hlein a hriat. Rannung emaw, nungcha emaw chu an hram dan kan hriat aṭang te, thil nung lo pawh a rîk dan kan han hriat ngawt aṭanga hming phuahte hi keini mai pawh ni lo hnam dang chen hian kan lo hmang ṭhin a ni. Entir nan, Choakte hi an hram dan pawh “ak, ak, ak” tih a lo ni a, Sakeibaknei pawh an 'hahum' ṭhin bawk a. Chutiang zelin thil nung tam tak an hram dan azira hming phuah emaw, chhinchhiah emaw kan nei ṭhin. 

Thil nung lo hming phuah dan pawh a danglam ṭhin hle a. Hnam hrang hrangten kan hriat dan a inan loh vanga sawi dan hrang hi a tam hle. Entir nan, Dar ri hriat dan aṭang hian han en ila.

German chuan 'bim bam' a ti e, an ti a.

Spain chuan, 'din dan' tiin an hria a,

English chuan, 'ding dong' tiin an hre ve thung a.

Vaiho chuan, 'tang tang' tiin an hria a,

Mizo ve thung chuan 'bel bel' tiin kan hre ve thung a ni. (Phillips, 14)

Chu mai piah lamah, mihring chuan thil lo thleng phut leh min barakhaih thut changa kan inrin hman loh avangin ṭawngkauchheh thar a lo piang bawk ṭhin. Tin, hna kan thawh hah eaw, kan kal hah deuh pawhin kan 'heiha huiha' ṭhin a. Chutiang zel chuan ṭawngka leh thu thar hi a lo piang ve zel a, hei hi ṭawng tihausatu pawimawh tak a nih theihna a lo awm leh zel a ni.

Thil ri hrang hrang aṭangin ṭawng hi a lo piang chhuak a ni ang tih ngaihdan hi a sapṭawng chuan 'Natural Sound Source' an ti a. ''bow-wow theory'' an ti bawk a, ''yo-heave-ho theory'' te, ''ye-he-ho theory'' te, ''pooh-pooh theory'' te, ''ding dong theory'' te pawh an ti bawk. (14)

Heng kan sawi aṭang hian kan beng ri hriatna inan lohna avangin thil hming phuah pawh a lo danglam hle dawn tih a chiang hle mai a. Chutiang zel chuan ri kan hriat dan leh a ri kan lo dawnsawnna azir te, kan dawnsawnna hun leh hun azirte hian kan thil hming phuah dan leh ṭawng hmang lo pian dan emaw, ṭawngkauchheh lo pian dante hi a inang lo thluah dawn a lo ni.

(iii) Awkâ leh chetze ṭangkawp aṭanga lo chhuak

A hmasa lama kan lo sawi tawh ang khan, awkâ leh chetzia ṭangkawp hian ṭawng a lo piang ve thei reng mai a. Bengngawng leh ṭawng thei lote tan hei hi a ni lehzual. Ṭawng thei lo, bengngawngte chuan inbiak nan kut zaizir emaw hmangin thu a inhrilhin an inkawm a. Thu sawi puitling pawh an puitlin mai ṭhin. Chutianga ramtuileilote hmanga ṭawng lo chhuak hi a hlu hle a, thil ṭangkai tak a nih phah zel a ni.

Mizote zingah ngei pawh pian ṭha pangngaiin zaizira thu sawi hi kan uar ta hle a. Pulpit tlanga thusawi ṭhin te, zirtirtu te, leh mi pangngai pawhin kan ṭawngka mai duh tawk lova a aia chiang leh fiah zawk tura zaizir leh chetze hmanga ṭawng hi a mikhual lo hle mai. Miin thu a sawi chuan a thu sawi duh chu a rilruah a khat liam em em a, mahse a leiin a daih si lo, chetzia leh zaizir hmangin, kut vai lauh lauh hmangin a thusawi chu a puitlin thei ṭhin a. Hei hian thusawina kawngah a pui em em a, ṭhenkhat phei chu zaizir leh ban vai lova thu sawi thei miah lote pawh an awm thei hial ang. Hei hi indem ngawt theih pawh a ni lo vang a, ṭawng ṭobul chhui nana ṭangkai tak a ni si.

(iv) Pian ken

Pian ken han tih hian ramsa leh mihring chu pian tirha ṭawng nghal thei tih lam a kawk lo va. A kawh ber zawk chu Pathianin mihring a duan dan bik hi a ni zawk a. “Mihring pianphung hi ṭawng thei tur hrim hrima Pathian siam a ni tih lam a kâwk a. Kan taksa pianzia hian ṭawng thei turin mihring hi in duang ve reng a lo ni an tihna a ni” (Phillips, 16). Dr. Lalthangliana Phillips sawi ang hian mihringte hi ṭawng thei tura siam kan ni a, Pathianin mihring hmasa ber Adama leh Evi a siam khan an hnarah nunna thaw a thaw lut a, chutih rual chuan ṭawng thei turin a duang fel thlap a lo ni. Chuti a nih chuan Pathian siam mihringte bik hi chuan ṭawng theihna hi kan pianpui liau liau a ni.

“Ramsa leh zâwng lampang chiten an neih ve loh, ṭawng theihna tur taksa bung hrang hrang danglam bik kan nei a” (16). Heta a lan dan ang hi chuan mihringte hi ramsa laka danglam leh ropui bik kan nihzia a lang chiang hle bawk a, kan pianphungah reng reng hian ṭawng theihna emaw, rilrua awm sawi chhuahna hi kan nei bik tih a chiang hle. Bible-ah hetiang hian kan hmu a, “Chung mite erawh chuan thil an hriat loh apiang an sawi chhe ṭhin a; tin, ngaihtuahna nei lo ramsate neih ang pianpui hriatna an neih an zawm ṭhinte chuan anmahni an intichhe ṭhin” (Juda 1:10). He Pathian thua kan hmuh ang hian ramsate chuan ngaihtuahna an nei lo va, mihring erawh chuan ngaihtuahna ṭha tak leh fim tak kan nei thung si a, chu chuan ṭawng theihna a rawn hring nghal bawk a. Hei tak hi ramsa laka kan danglamna leh kan ropuina bikna chu a ni. 

Mihringte chu ṭawng theih nana Pathian min siam a nih angin kan taksaah hian ṭawng theihna tur bung hrang hrang a awm a. Entir nan, lei te, dang te, ha te, hmuite hi a ni a. Heng hmang hian mihring chuan Pathian dan siam angin thu a sawiin a puang thei a, ṭawng pawh a lo awlsam ṭhin a ni. Mihringte chu Amah Pathian anpui ngeia siam kan nih avangin ṭawng thei tura duan kan ni. Chutianga Pathianin min siama kan lo pian hnu chuan kan taksaah hian ṭawng theihna tur kan keng vek hi a lo ni a. Chu chu a ni ṭawng lo awmna ṭobul pakhat 'Pian ken' chu.

Tlipna

Mihring zawng zawng hian ṭawng hi kan zir vek a ni. Chutiang zel chuan kan dam chhung hian mihring chuan kan thih hma chu ṭawng dan leh kalhmang hi zir reng rengin hun kan hmang ṭhin a, kan thih veleh kan zir chu kan zo chiah dawn a ni. Ṭawng tel lo chuan mihring nunphung hi a awm ngawt thei lo reng reng bawk tih hi kan hriat a pawimawh hle mai. Chuvang chuan ṭawng hi a pawimawh a, a pawimawh ang tluk chiahin kan mamawh leh thil ṭangkai tak a ni. “... kan ṭawng theihna leh thil kan hriatthiam theihnate hi thiam chungchuan leh thluak len lamah a innghat lo va, mihring kan nih a ngai  a, mihring kan nihnaah hian a kim nghal” a ti a ni. (qtd. in Henry Cohen, 79)

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Works Cited :

Ralluaii Chhangte, Mizo Ṭawng Chikna

Dr. Lalthangliana Phillips, Mizo Ṭawng bulbal (Ṭawng Ṭobul)

Henry Cohen, The origin of Language

The Bible Society Of India, The Holy Bible

Charles V. Taylor, The Origin of Language

Bibliography :

Chhangte, Ralluaii, 'Mizo Ṭawng Chikna', published by Dr. Kenneth Chawngthu, Hnamte Press, Aizawl, 2001, Print.

MILLTA, 'Mizo Ṭawng Zirzauna Bu Thar', ed., Dr. Laltluangliana Khiangte, Felfim Computer : Aizawl, 2012, Print.

Ray Jackendoff, 'How did language begin?' published by Linguistic Society of America

The Bible Society Of India, Pathian Lehkhabu Thianghlim, Mizo (Lushai) - O.V. Reference, Vignesh Offset, Chennai, Print.

CEN Tech. J., Paper, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1997

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Submitted to : Prof. R. Thangvunga

Department of Mizo, Mizoram University

2014