Study of Epic (Mizo)

Epic

( Pasalṭha Hla )

           Khawvel hmun hrang hrangah hian hnam hrang hrang hian hnam zia, tih dan phung kan nei ṭheuh a. Chu'ng zingah chuan thil pakhat ropui deuh han thlîr ila, 'Mi huaisen', 'Pasalṭhate' hi an ni. Chu'ng mi huaisen leh pasalṭha, ral hmaa zãm ngai lote chuan hnam tinah hian ngaihsàn an hlawh a, ram leh hnam chhanhimtute ngat phei phei chu an chhuan leh rin ber an ni ṭhin. Hnam leh Ram tin hian chu'ng pasalṭhate chawimawina, fakna leh tihropuina hla a nei ṭheuh a. Tin, an chanchin tlangpuite pawh thawnthu ang deuhvin sawi a ni hial ṭhin. Chu'ngte chu tun ṭuma kan sawi tum ber, hlaa siam ngeia Pasalṭhate chanchin/thawnthu sawina hi a ni a, chu chu sap ṭawnga 'EPIC'  kan tih hi a ni.

Epic of Gilgamesh

            'Epic' tih thumal hi Greek ṭawnga Epikos emaw Epos tih aṭanga lak chhuah a ni a. A awmzia chu mi huaisen hmingthangte fakna leh chawimawina hla, hla thu hmanga thawnthu phuah (narrative) a ni a. Epic kan tih hian pasalṭhat hla tih hian phawk chhuak chiang viau mah se, a awmze dang lehah chuan Thawnthu-hla-sei tiin Lalnunpuia Renthlei (Nûnuna) chuan a sawi bawk a, hei pawh hian a hrilhfiah chiang thawkhat hle bawk a ni. Tin, Epic an chin chhuah hun lai hi hriat chian a ni lo va; amaherawhchu, B.C. 2000 khan Epic Of Gilgamesh, Epic hmasa ber hi siam chhuah a lo ni a. Chuvang chuan hetih hun lai hian Epic hi an lo ching ṭan niin a ngaih theih ang.

                             

        Tichuan, Epic chuan pasalṭha, ram leh hnam, khawtlang thlamuan ṭhintute chanchin te, thiltih te, an hun laia thil thlengte chu kimchang takin a pho chhuak tihna a lo ni ta a. Hetiang hla hi hnam upa leh hnam lian zawkte chuan an ngah em em mai a. Hnam ropui leh fing chuan Epic poem ropui tak tak an nei ṭhin a. Hla thu hmangin an hnam chanchin mi huaisente chanchin chu an lo chhinchhiah ṭhin (Literature Kawngpui, p101). Hnam fing hmasate khan an pasalṭhate chawimawi nachang an lo hre hma em em a, chuvang chuan Epic hla pawh hi an ngah bik hle a lo ni. Epic chungchangah hian Aristotle-a chuan dan fel tak a lo zam dim diam mai a. Epic hla pawimawhzia hi a lo hre chiang hle ni tur a ni.

A hmasa berah chuan Drama ang deuhva ziak tur a ni a, chu chu Single Action a ni tur a ni a.  bul ṭanna, a laihãwl leh a tawpna pawh fel fai taka duan tur a ni. Chutah chuan thil thleng chi hrang hrang kha fel fai taka rem chhoh tur a ni. Chu bakah Tragedy kalhmanga phuah tur a ni a, a changtu chungah emaw, a tu emaw ber chungah tuarna a thleng ngei ngei tur a ni. A tawp berah chuan hla thu hmang ṭha siin inbiakna leh suangtuahna ang chi telh ve ngei tur a ni bawk. (Literature, p.101)

           Hetianga Aristotle-a dan zam sa zulzuia Epic phuahtute chu a hmasaah chuan Homer-a kha a ni a. Ani khan chutiang chuan Epic Poem pahnih ngawt a phuah a, chu'ngte chu Iliad leh Odyssey te an ni. Heng hla pahnihte aṭang hian Epic ziarang Aristotle-a siam dan ang chu a phawk zo ngei a. Iliad hi hman lai Greek mi huaisen Achilles-a thawnthu a phuahna a ni a, Odyssey erawh hi chu Complex Plot hmanga Trojan War a phuahna a ni.

Beginning_Odyssey

           Hnam hrang hrangah hian Epic hla phuah dan hi a inang vekin a neih theih lo va, a chhan chu khawsak zia leh nunphung a inan loh ṭhin vang a ni. Ram changkang leh hnam fing hmasate kha chuan Epic hi chi hnih an lo nei ṭhin a. Chu'ngte chu Oral Epic leh Written Epic te a ni. Oral Epic chu sawi dan awlsam berah chuan ṭawngkaa inhlan chhawn theih emaw inhrilh chhawn theih leh vawn theih Epic a ni a. Oral Epic chu Folk Epic tihte pawhin kan sawi thei bawk ang a, pasalṭha huaisen thiltih dante leh a chunga tawrhna leh chhiatna lo thleng chanchinte chu thawnthu ang maia sawina emaw thawnthua chang tawhte pawh a ni a, chu'ngte chu hlain an phuah ṭhin. Kan sawi tak Iliad leh Odyssey bakah English-ho Epic Beowulf  te, French-ho Epic hla Chanson de Roland  te, Spanish-ho Poema dei Cid te, German-ho Nibelingelied-te leh Hindu-ho thawnthu hla Mahabharata and Ramayana-te pawh kha Oral Epic (Folk Epic) tho an ni.

Mahabharata

(set of 3 volumes)

           Ziaka phuah ngei Epic (Literary Epic/Written Epic) an tihte chu a hmasa pawl nia sawi Latin hla phuah thiam Virgil-a'n 'Aeneid' a phuah kha a ni a. Hemi hla entawn hmang hian English hla phhuah thiam John Milton-a khan Epic a lo phuah ve bawk a, chu chu Paradise Lost a ni. He hla hi John Keats pawh khan 'Hyperion' hla a phuahah khan a entawn ve hle a, chutiang zelin William Blake pawhin Epic hla 'Four Zoas' leh 'Milton and Jerusalem' a phuah pawh khan a entawn ve leh chhawng a ni. Oral Epic kan tihte kha chu a chhiara chhiar chi ni lovin a chhama chham chi, ṭawngkaa inhlan chhàwn ṭhin a ni.

Beowulf.firstpage

           Written Epic kalhmanga phuahte kha chu a chhiara chhiar chi sei taka phuah a ni ṭhin a. Bu sawm (10) aṭanga bu sawmhnih pali (24) laia seite a ni ṭhin a. Ṭum khata chhiar chhuah zawh sèn a ni lo va, Homer-a Epic Iliad leh Odyssey-te kha bu sawmhnih pali (24) an ni. Tin, John Milton-a ziak 'Paradise lost' pawh kha bu sawm leh pahnih (12) laia sei a ni. Mizote hian chutiang Epic hla chu kan nei tam lo hle a. Epic hla puitling tak kan neih chhun nia lang chu C. Lalkhawliana phuah pasalṭha Taitesena chanchin phuahna 'Taitesena' kha a ni. Chu bakah Lalnunpuia Renthlei ziak 'Chhurbura' pawh kha bung sawm leh pasarih vel lai a ni a, Epic ṭha puitling tak a ni bawk.

           Epic ziarang ṭhenkhat han tar lang ila.

(1)      Thawnthu hla sei a ni a, sei tawk taka phuah a ni. A tlangpuiin bu sawm leh pahniha ṭhen a ni ṭhin. Homer-a Epic leh Milton-a Epic hlate chu bu 12-a ṭhen a ni a. Chutih rualin bu 12 aia tlem emaw tam pawh a ni thei tho bawk.

(2)      A chang khawi maw laiah thu hlimawm tak leh thu thin tiṭhawng thei chi leh thu pènhleh deuh eng emaw a awm ṭhin. A chang chuan a hla phuahtu chuan kha mi huaisenin buaina leh harsatna tam tak a paltlang dante leh a thlitih dante chu hleihluak leh ngaihsànawm takin a puang chhuak ṭhin.

           Taitesena hla kan thlir chuan,

                        Ei puk puk se, lian taul tual se,

                        Ka nau Taite hmelṭha ti lo chu;

                        Kan inah pawh lêng suh se.

           Helai chang hian a sawi chu Taitesena hi a nu khan a hmelṭhatzia a sawi uar hle a, chhiartute tan pawh thil hlimawm tak a tling thei bawk ang. Chutih laiin thu thin tiṭhawng tak lo thleng leh hriat tur a lo awm leh tih kan hmu,

                        A dawn sual em ni Ralthatchhung pa'n,

                        A thai leh hrai riang tur dawn lo em ni,

                        Enga'n rihsang mual a liamsan mai le.

(3)      A thawnthua a changtu (character)-te chu pasalṭha leh mi chungchuang bik an ni tlangpui a, an thil tawnte pawh vantlang mipuite tawn ve zen zen loh thil a ni tlangpui.

(4)      Epic-ah chuan a thu kalpui leh thlûr bik (theme) chu a tlar hmasa lamah a lang deuh zel a; mihring aia thil ti thei (supernatural) hnena ṭawngṭaina (proposition) leh ngenna (invocation) a awm châwk.

(5)      Mihring thiamna leh theihna phak bâk (supernatural) thil a lãr hle ṭhin. Chung thilte chu mihring thil tihnaah a inrawlh fo bawk. Homer-a Epic Iliad-ah khan pathiante chu Troy indonaah an rawn inrawlh a; Spencer-a Epic 'Faerie Queene'-ah pawh khan mihring theihna leh thiamna piah lam thil eng emaw zat a inrawlh bawk.

      Paradise Lost,

1667

(6)      Epic-ah chuan hla phuahna hmanraw pawimawh tak, Homeric Epithet an ti a, thil eng emaw sawi fiahna bik an hmang nawn chhen ṭhin. Homeric Simile pawh chipchiar taka thil sawi fiah nan a tel ziah ṭhin.

(7)      Epic-ah chuan changtu (hero)-in khawi lai hmun emawa harsatna a sut kiana a thuhnuaia a dah dante a lo lang fo ṭhin. Chu bakah a hun lai boruak leh thil awm dante pawh tàr lan a ni ṭhin. Chutiang a nih avang chuan a hun laia mite khawsak dan leh nunphung pawh chiang takin a lo lang ṭhin. Taitesena hlaah ngei pawh khan a hun laia Mizote nun dan phung, an khawsak dan leh thil ngaihsan hrang hrangte kan hmu thei bawk.

(8)      Epic chu a thupui ber (theme) zahawm tak, sang tak, zir chhuah tur nei ṭha tak, a ṭawngkam hman pawh ṭawng tualleng satliah mai mai ni lo, ril tak leh awmze thuk tak nei, mawi tak ni bawk si a ni ṭhin.

(9)      Hla phuahtuten tehkhinna thu sawi nana an hman ṭhin simile te, mi nunga chantirna (personification) te, ṭawngkam mawi tak hman zen zen loh ni si ang chite leh hla thu bil hliah hliah ṭawngkamte hman a ni ṭhin a. Ṭawngkam tawi fel tak awmze nei thui tak nei si ang chite pawh an hmang ṭhin. Taitesena hla Bung XVI-ah,

                        Buaipui ngai lova inchhal vekin,

                        Thihpui tham hliam tuar vek siin;

                        ‘Ka eng lai mah a na lo ve’ tiin..

           Heti lai chang hi tawi tê a ni a, mahse awmze thui tak a hril thung a, Taitesena huaisenzia, a tawrhchhelzia a lang chiang em em bawk si a ni.

(10)    Epic-ah chuan bung leh peng neuh neuh a awm thlih thliah ṭhin a. Mahse chung a peng hrang hrangte chu a inkungkaih ṭha hlawm hle ṭhin a. Hetianga a thu, a thawnthu inlalawn leh inkungkaih dan azir hian Epic chi hnihah an ṭhen a, Classic Epic leh Romantic Epic tiin.

           Classic Epic chu a inzawm ṭhain a inpumkhat ṭha hle a, a thawnthua thil thleng hrang hrangte kha hriat awlsam taka inkungkaih a ni ṭhin. Romantic Epic erawh chu a chhung thu a darhsarh deuh nuaih a, a thawnthua thil thlengte pawh a inzawm ṭha lutuk lo ṭhin. A thu kalpui dan pawh a hlãwm ṭha tawk lo fo ṭhin a, a thawnthu ziding leh thil thleng ṭhenkhatte inlaichinna chhui chhuah a harsa hle ṭhin. 'Faerie Queene' Spencer-a phuah pawh kha 'Romantic Epic' entirna ṭha tak a ni.

(11)    Epic hi zirtir (moral) ṭha tak neia phuah a ni ṭhin. Homer-a chuan ram tana mi chhuanawm tak leh pasalṭha rilru pu tura mite cho chhuah nan a phuah a. Spencer-a chuan inkaihhruaina mumal tak hnuaia thianghlim leh fel taka nun a hlutzia sawi nan a hmang a. Milton-a erawh chuan mihringte tana Pathianin kawng a buaisaih dan ropuizia sawi nan a hmang thung. Mizo Epic hla phuahtu C. Lalkhawliana pawhin'Taitesena' chu mi kawlh sa kawlh laka mipui nunaute chhanhim tura pasalṭha leh mi huaisente hlutzia tàr lan nan a hmang a ni.

           Epic chi hrang hrangte:-

1. Epic of growth : Hei hi Traditional Epic emaw, Authentic Epic emaw, Communal  Epic emaw Folk Epic emaw an ti. Epic of growth hi hla lãr (popular song) tak leh thawnthua innghat a ni.

             Hetiang hla hi mi pakhat kutchhuak a ni chiah lo va, a hla thu pawh mawi taka phuah a ni meuh lo. Hman laia mi huaisen bik tak leh chanchin tawi tê têa an lo phuah emaw, thawnthu chi hrang hrang aṭanga lak khawm emaw, tu chanchin emaw ṭawngkaa an inhlan chhawn zel aṭanga phuah, zai thiam tuten emaw an sak lar chhoh tak zel hi a ni a. Chu chu tlai khawhnua deuhvah tuin emaw la khawmin hla pakhat anga a siam chhuah tak a ni. (Literature, p.106)

         Hman lai Mizo pipute hla hmasa Hlado leh Bawh hlate kha hetianga Epic of Growth kan sawi tak ang hi a nihna chen a awm a. A chhan chu kha'ng Hlado leh Bawh hlate kha mi hrang hrang phuah leh siam a ni a. Chu'ngte chu mi huaisen leh pasalṭhaten hun leh hmun hrang hranga an chhama an phuah ṭhin a ni. Chu'ng hla hrang hrangte chu mi tuin emaw hmun khata rem khawm/la khawmin an phuah tirha a chang mal din, a hrang hrang ang chi kha ni tawh lovin hla pangngai tak, mi pakhat siam emaw kutchhuak ang maia ngaih theih khawpa mawi a ni ṭhin. Entir nan Hlado tlem han tar lang ila,

                        Tlanga'n e, zahrang au ve,

                        Lian khua e, nghaknu an sai siau e,

                        Lengin e, va dawng a law, kan kawt,

                        Rolung mual chhuaha'n e.

                        Sai lian e, nang hmaisa law,

                        Kawla fungṭial a zuitu e;

                        A sa e, hrang kim ṭhiau ve, vawmphuai e,

                        Hnutiang ka daltir e.

           Heng hla thute hi kan en chuan a thu kalhmang aṭang khian a thawnthu sawi tum leh a kal chhoh dan a inzawm miah lo tih a hriat a, mahse kan dan tlar chuan chang khat aṭanga indawta rem thlak ang maiin a chhiar theih thung. Hetiang deuh chiah hian Mizo pasalṭhate hla tia kan sawi ṭhin Bawh hla kan thlir leh chuan,

            Kei chu e, ka sêntêt e,

            Sa leh doral ka pianpui e;

            Ka do ve, rimnam pa e,

            Thangchem e, aikim mi ti ulaw.

            Ka than e, khua chin khuang e,

            Dar iangin e, a ri lo ve;

            Keini e, kan vangkhua e,

            Lai mi tho ve, chinchuang an ri dim e.

           He Bawh hla chang hnih lek pawh khi a chang inzawm tur, chang khat aṭanga indawt thla tur ni awm tak a ni a, mahse hla hran ve ve, mi hran phuah ve ve dah khawm mai a ni.

                   ...heng hlate aṭang hian pasalṭhate thiltih chanchin leh hman lai Mizo pi leh pute nunphung leh khawsak dan tam tak kan hriat theih phah tlat si a ni. Hla naran ni lo, mi huaisen, mi lu la theihte chauhvin an sak ṭhin, chutiang miten an phuah chu a ni tih kan hre thei a ni. (Literature, p.107)

2. EPIC OF ART : Kan sawi tawh angin Epic of Growth chuan Epic hlate chu mi pakhat kutchhuak ni lem lo, mi hrang hrang phuah leh chham ṭhin; mi tin emaw hmun khata a rem khawm, hla pakhat ang maia mumal taka dah khawm a nih laiin Epic of Art-ah erawh chuan Epic hla chu hla phuam thiam tak tuin emaw ama ir-awm chhuaka a phuahna a ni ve thung. Hei vang hian hetiang Epic hi Literary Epic tiin an sawi bawk a ni. Epic awmsa hmanga hla phuahtu dangin a aia changtlung leh mawimam zawk tura epic dang a phuah a ni a. (Hringnun, p.55)

           Hetiang Epic hla hi John Milton-a phuah 'Paradise Lost' te, Tasso-a phuah 'Jerusalem Delivered' te, Spencer-a phuah 'Faerie Queene' te an ni hlawm a. Tin, Mizotena Epic kan neih hmasak ber 'Taitesena' hla C. Lalkhawliana phuah leh Lalnunpuia Renthlei phuah 'Chhurbura' pawh kha Literary Epic zinga chhiar theih an ni hial ang a; amaherawhchu 'Taitesena' hla erawh khi chu Mini-Epic kan tih ang chi hi a ni thung.

3. MOCK - EPIC : Hetiang Epic hi kan sawi zawh chiah pahnihte lakah khan a danglam leh deuh hlek a. Mock-Epic chu thawnthu tawi te, a hla thupui pawimawh em em pawh ni lem lo, Epic kalhmanga phuah ni si, mi tihdan zui emaw, mi tih dan zira nuihzatthlak leh hlimawm zawng emaw, a ho lam zawnga phuahna ang chi hi a ni. Chutiang Epic chu chanchin sawina (Narrative)-a phuah a ni ṭhin.

                Mock-Epic chu a nuihzatthlak zawnga thupui tenau chaina hlahril, chanchin sawina ang chi (narrative)- a phuah a ni. Epic kalhmang ni si, fiamthu nuihzatthlak atan maia thu khûnkhan tak ni awm taka thu ho leh pawimawh lo lutuk va sawngbawlna leh va sawi kual velna hlahril a ni. Mock-Epic hi France leh Italy ram aṭanga lo irhchhuak niin an ngai. (Hringnun, p.55)

           Mock-Epic ṭha tak tak kan hriat theihte chu Homer-a Iliad zûla Greek-ho hla phuah, Battle of frog and mice te, Alexander Pope-a hla Dunciad  leh Rape of the Lock te, Swift-a phuah Tale of the tub leh Battle of the Books te an ni.

Conclusion :

            Mizoten kan hla chhuak hmasa zinga kan neih Bawh hla hi a ropui em em a. A chhan chu Mizo pasalṭhaten an huaisenzia te, an ropuizia te, an inngaihhlut ziate, an inngaihsanzia te, an hlawhtlinna te, an khaw ropuizia leh an hmelmate an diriamna hla huai taka an au chhuahpuina hla a nih vang a ni. Hnam fing hmasa zawkte Epic hlate ai pawh hian a duai bik kher lo vang. Mizo hnahthlak pasalṭhate chuan an hming chawiin hlate hial an lo nei thin a, chungte chuan hman lai Mizo pasalṭhate duai bik lohzia a tar lang a ni. Mizote hian Epic hla hi kan ngah lo hle mai a. Hnam fing hmasate chuan an ngah tih kan sawi tawh a. Amaherawhchu, hnam fing zawkte neih ringawt chu kan duhtawk tur a ni lo va, a phuah kawngah hian mi tu pawh hian ṭan kan la thei vek a ni.

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WORKS CITED :

1. Theory Of Literature, published by Department of Mizo, Mizoram University, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, 2013

2. Dr. Vannghaka, K.C., Literature Kawngpui, publised by Vanhlupuii, Bawngkawn, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, 2010

3. Thanmawia, R.L., Mizo Hla Hlui (Mizo Folk Songs), published by Din Din Heavens, Ramhlun South, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, 2012

4. Renthlei, Lalnunpuia, Hringnun, Mizoram Publication Board, Efatha Press,  Aizawl, 2007 

REFERENCES :

1. Theory Of Literature, published by Department of Mizo, Mizoram University, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, 2013

2. Dr. Vannghaka, K.C., Literature Kawngpui, published by Vanhlupuii, Bawngkawn, Gilzom         Offset, Aizawl, 2010

3. Thanmawia, R.L., Mizo Hla Hlui (Mizo Folk Songs), published by Din Din Heavens, Ramhlun South, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, 2012

4. Thanmawia, R.L., Lung min lentu, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, 2006

5. R.L. Thanmawia, Dr., Ngirtling, published by College Text Book (Mizo) Editorial Board, Gilzom Offset, Aizawl, Reprint, 2011

6. Renthlei, Lalnunpuia, Hringnun, Mizoram Publication Board, Efatha Press, Aizawl, 2007